Subject:
Indian Writing In English Pre Independence (Paper No-04)
Topic:
Study Of The Selected Works From Indian Writing In English
Study:
M.A. Sem -1, Year: 2016
Roll
No:
17
Submitted
To:
Department
Of English M.K. Bhavnagar University
The
phrase 'Indo Anglian' was used to describe the original creative
writing in English by the Indians. Whose mother tongue is not English
according to K.R.S. Iyenger there are three type of Indian writer in
English first those who have acquired this entire education in
English schools and universities secondly. Indians who have settled
abroad but are constantly in touch with the changing surrounding and
traditions of their country of adoption and finally Indians who have
acquired English as a second language consequently large number of
Indian were greatly moved by the genuine authentic pictures of life
in India through their number writings.
Works
of Indian writing in English:-
Drama:-
The
real journey of Indian English drama begins with Michael macho Sudan
dusts is this called civilization which appeared on the let literary
horizon in 1871. Rabindranath Tagore and Shri Aurobindo the two great
sage poet of India are the first Indian dramatist in English worth
considering.
- Major Writers of Indian Writing in English:-
- Sri Aurobindo
- Rabindranath Tagore
- Sarojini Naidu
- Mulk Raj Anand
- Raja Rao
- R.K Narayan
Shri
Aurobindo:-
Shri
Aurobindo original name Aurobindo. Aurobindo also spelled Aravindo,
Shri also spelled Sri. Aurobindo born in august is 1872, in Calculta
(Kolkata). Shri Aurobindo Ghosh ranks among the greatest
personalities of modern India. He a multi-faceted genius a political
revolutionary social reformer historian education its philosopher
yogi and above all men of letters he is a Journalist, editor, liters
critic, linguist translator essayist short story writer, dramatist
and more than all of these a great poet.
K.R.S.
Iyengar says that “Aurobindo
was not merely a writer who happened to write in English but really
an English writer”
From
1902 to 1910 Aurobindo partook in the struggle to free. India from
the British raj. As a result of his political activities he was
imprisoned in 1908 two years later he fled British India and found
refuge in the French colony of Pondichery in himself for the rest of
his life the development of his philosophy there he founded an
Ashrama as international cultural center for spiritual development
attracting student from all over the world.
According
to Aurobindo’s dialectical theory of cosmic salvation the path to
union with Brahman
are two way streets or channels Enlightment come from above while the
spiritual mind strives through Yogic illumination to reach upward
form below when those two forces blend a gnostic individual is
created that logic illumination and evenly frees the Individuality
from the bonds of individuality by extension all of humanity will
eventually achieve Moksha.
Aurobindo
voluminous, complex and sometime chaotic literary output includes
philosophical speculation,poetry, plays and the other work. Among his
work are ‘The life Divine' (1939), The Human Cycle' (1949), 'The
Ideal of Human Unity' (1949), 'On the Veda' (1956), 'Collected Poems
and Plays' (1942), 'Essay on the Gita' (1922) The Synthesis of Yoga'
(1948) and 'Savitri' a legend and a symbol (1950).
Shri
Aurobindo is a skillful Craftman in the use of blank Verse and
felicity in poetic expression his grand mantric and mystic style in
this poetic works are ample testimony of his Stupendous achievement.
Rabindranath
Tagore:-
Rabindranath
Tagore,born in May 7,1861,clutter (Kolkata),India Rabindranath Tagore
was a Bengali poet short story writer song composer play wright
essayist and painter who was awarded the Nobel
prize
for literature in 1913. Tagore introduced new prose and verse forms
and the use of colloquial language into Bengali literature. There by
freeing it from traditional models bead on classical Sanskrit. he was
highly influential in introducing the best of Indian culture to the
west and vice versa and he is generally regarded as the outstanding
creative artist of modern India he published several books of poetry
in the 1880 and completed 'Mansi'
(1890), a collection that marks the maturing of hi genius it contains
many in verse forms new to Bengali as well as some social and
political satire that was critical of his fellow Bengalis.
In
1891 Tagore went to east to east Bengal now in Bangladesh to manage
his family’s estate at Shilaidah and Shazadpur for 10 year. There
he often stayed in a house boat on the Padma River, in his close
contact with village folk and his sympathy for their poverty and
backwardness became the keynote of much of his later writing. Most of
his finest short stories which examine of his finest short stories,
which examine humble lives and their small miseries date from the
1890 and have a poignancy laced with gentle and have a Poignancy,
local with gentle irony ,that is u unique to him, though admirably
,captured by the Directed in latter film by the adaptations . Tagore
came to the love Bengali Courtesies most of the Padma River any
Offer, respected image in the Padma River, an often repeated image in
his verse during this years he published several poetry collection
notably 'Sonar Tari', (1892) Tagore’s poems his more than 2,000
songs which remain extremely popular among all classes of bangle of
Bengali society.
In
1901 Tagore founded an experiment school is rural west Bengal at
'Santiniketan' where he sought to blend the best in the Indian and
western traditions he settled permanently at the school which become
visva-bhrati university in 1921. Year of sadness arising from the
deaths of his wife and two children between 1902 and1907 are
reflected in his later poetry which was introduced to the west in
“Gitanjali”song offerings (1912) this book containing Tagore
English prose translations of religious poems from several of his
Bengali verse collections including Gitanjali (1910) was hailed by
W.B. Yeats and Andre Gide and him the Nobel prize in 1913. Tagore was
awarded a knighthood in 1915,but he repudiate it in 1919 as a protest
against the Amritsar Massacre.
From
1912 Tagore spent loge periods out of India, lecturing and reading
from his work in Europe the Americas and East Asia and becoming and
India, lecturing and reading from his work in Europe the Americas and
East Asia and becoming and eloquent spokesperson for the cause of
Indian independence. Tagore’s novels, thought loss outstanding than
his poems and short stories, are also worthy of attention, the best
known are 'Gora' (1910 ) and 'Ghare-Baire' (1916) in the late 1920s,
at nearly 70 years of age Tagore took up painting and produced works
that won his place among India’s foremost contemporary artists
Tagore died on august 7, 1941.
Sarojini
Naidu:-
Sarojini
Naidu, nee chattopadhyay born February 13, 1879, Hyderabad India. she
was political activist feminist poet, writer, and the first Indian
woman to be president of the Indian national congress and to be
appointed an Indian state governor she was sometime called “The
nightingale of India”. Sarojini Naidu led an active literary life
and attracted notable Indian intellectuals to her famous salon in
Bombay her First volume of poetry 'The Golden Threshold' (1912) and
in 1914 she was followed by 'The Bird of Time' (1912), and in 1914
she was elected a fellow of the royal society of which she wrote in
English have been published under the titles the 'Sceptred Flute'
(1928) and the 'Father of the Dawn' (1961).
Mulk
Raj Anand:-
Mulk
Raj Anand born in December 12, 1905, Peshawar, India. He was
prominent Indian author of novels short stories, and critical essays
in English, who is known for his realistic and sympathetic portrayal
of the poor in India. He is considered a founder of the English
language Indian Novel. He became politically active in Indian’s
struggle for independence and shortly there after wrote a series of
diverse books on aspects of forth Asian culture including 'Persian
Painting' (1932) 'The Hindu view of Art' (1933)' 'The Indian Theater'
(1950) and 'Seven Little –known Birds of the Inner Eye' (1978).
R.
K. Narayan :-
R.K.
Narayan born in 10 October 1906. His full name is Rasipuram
Krishaswami Iyer Narayansani, was an Indian writer best known for his
works set in the fictional south Indian town of 'Malgudi'. He was a
leading author of early Indian literature in English along with Mulk
Raj Anand and Raja Rao.
In
a career that spanned over sixty years, Narayan received many awards
and honors, including the AC Benson Medal from the royal society of
literature the Padma Bhushan and the Padma vibhushan third and second
highest civilian awards .He was also nominated to the Rajya sabha,
the upper house of India's parliament. He died in May 13, 2001.
Raja
Rao:
Raja
Rao, born in November 8, 1908, Hassan, Mysore. He was among the most
–significant Indian novelists writing in English during the middle
decades of the 20th
century. Rao wrote few of his early short stories in Kannada while
studying in France he also wrote in French and English. He went on to
write his major works in English. His short stories of the 1930s were
collected in The cow of the Barricades' and 'Other stories' (1947).
Like those stories his first novel ‘kanthapura’ (1938) , is in a
largely realist vein it describes a village and resident’s in
southern India through its narrator one of the villages the effects
of India's Independence movement. ‘kanthapura’ is Rao's best
known novel particularly outside India.
His
subsequent novel took an increasingly broad focus and by 1988 one
critic hazarded that Rao’s greatest achievement is the perfection
of the metaphysical novel Rao’ second novel 'The Serpent and the
Rope' (1960), is an autobiographical account of the narrator a young
intellectual. Brahman and his wife seeking spiritual truth in India
France and England. The Novel takes Rao’s first marriage and its
disintegration as its subject 'The Serpent and the Rope' drew wide
Praise and is considered by many critics to be his masterpiece.
Rao’s
allegorical novel 'The Cat and Shakespeare: A tale of India' (1965)
,set in India , continues the themes examined in 'The Serpent and
the Rape' and shows Rao, work becoming increasingly abstract comrade
kirillov a short novel written prior to 'The Serpent and the Rope'
but published in English. In 1976' considers communism though its
portrait of the title character 'The Policeman and the Rose' (1978)
collected several of his previously published short stories Rao’s
last novel. the Chess Master and his Moves' (1988), is peopled by
characters from various cutturs seeking their identities connected
stories appear in 'On the Ganga Ghat' (1989),Rao’s nonfiction
includes the meaning of India (1996), a collection of essays and
speeches and 'The Great Indian way' (1998) a biography of Mohandas
Gandhi.
Rao
Received several of India highest honors the Padma Bhushan in 1969,
a fellowship in the Sahitya Acadami, India's national academy of
letters, in 1997 and the Padma vibhushan, awarded posthumously in
2007. He also won the Neustadt prize in 1988.
Conclusion:-
Indian
English literature tis ever gems of Indian writing in English Indian
Authors, Poets, novelists, essayists, dramatists- have been making
momentous and considerable contributions to world literature since
the pre – independence era, the past few years have witnessed a
gigantic prospering and thriving of Indian English writing in the
global market Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan, Sarojini Naidu, Toru Dutt
etc are the greatest writers of Indian English literature.
SOURCE
: NET AND TEXT
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