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Name: Kailash P. Baraiya
Study: M.A. Sem-02, Roll No:
10
Batch: 2016-2018
Enrolment No:
2069108420170001
Subject: - Romantic
Literature, Paper No:05
Topic: Keats's Use of Myth In
His Odes
Introduction of
John Keats:
John Keats was born on October
31, 1795, one the northern outskirts of London Keats pursued a medical carver
as an apprentice surgeon but gave up the practice shortly after performing his
first operation in 1816, an experience that affected him profoundly.
His friendship with editor
Leigh hunt and his literary circle of friends encouraged Keats to write poetry. He suffered much criticism after his first
major effort, edition which was published in 1818, but Keats continued to write
poetry he suffered much criticism after his first major effort, edition which
was polished in 1818, but Keats continued to write and examined his work more
closely Lamia, Isabella the eve of st. Agnes and other poems, published in
1820, is widely regarded to have been written during the period.
But in 1820 the first signs of
consumption occurred. Despite moving to Italy to try and improve his condition
Keats knew from his condition Keats knew from his own medical training that his
causes was lost he died in Rome in 1821 at the tender age of 25. Keats wrote
his own epitaph, which would not be
remembered: “Here lies one whose name was
write in water.
His death was to influence
Shelly in particular, who wrote the poem Adonis in his honor and attacked
critics for their harsh treatment of Keats early work.
Keats is the tragic figure of
the Romantic Movement who died young but during his brief life he created some
of the best known and enduring poetry of the 19th century.
In “Ode to Nightingale” and “Ode
to a Grecian Urn” Keats tries to free himself from the world of change by
identifying with the nightingale representing
nature, and the Urn representing art. These odes, as well as “The Ode to
Psyche” present the poet as dreamer.
The deeper force of the Greek
spirit lead him from his early romantic formlessness to the achievement of the
most exquisite classical perfection of form and finish. His Romanian glow and
emotion never fade or cool, but such poems as the odes to the nightingale and
to a Grecian urn, and the fragment of ‘Hyperion' are absolutely flawless and
satisfying in structure and expression.
Here I define Greek myth in, ‘Ode to
Nightingale', ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn', and 'ode to Psyche'.
Ode to
nightingale:-
The only place that the word 'Nightingale'
even appears is in the title, but the Nightingale and its rich, intoxicating
nighttime world are at the center of the poem as Keats imagines it, this bird
lives in its own reality within the enchanting forest. In poetic terms the
nightingale has important connections to mythology that we discuss below. But
the most important thing to keep in mind is in that it represents a kind of
carefree existence that is free from the burdens of time, death and human
concerns. The importance of nightingale
stems from its appearance in Greek myth. Since this is a poem inspired by a
Greek form, it is fitting that there are several other allusions to the
mythology this poem.
Title:-
The nightingale is a symbol of beauty,
immorality and freedom from the world’s troubles. Nightangals are knowen for singing
in the night time, hence the name. In
Greek and Roman myth, the nightingale also alludes to the Philomel, whose
tongue was cut out to prevent her from telling about her rape, and whowas later
turned into a nightingale by the gods to help her escape from death at the
hands of her rapist.
LINE 4:-
In the extended simile of lines 3-4,
opium causes the speaker to lose memory and consciousness. “Lethe” alludes to a
river in the Greek afterword, Hades. Those who drank from it lost their memory.
LINE 7:-
This line contains another
allusion, or reference to another text. That in Greek mythology, a 'dryad' is a
female spirit attached to a tree.
LINE 16:-
In Greek myth “hippocrene”,
was the name of a spring that the winged horse Pegasus created by stamping its
hoof into the ground. Drinking from it was supposed to give poetic inspiration.
The drink is personified as 'blushing”
because of its red color.
LINE 32:-
Bacchus is the Greek god of wine and drunkenness.
In this allusive metaphoric, the speaker claims that his escape into the
nightingale’s world will not be due to drunkenness.
LINE 61:-
Many reader have criticized the
speaker for believing (mistakenly of course) that the nightingale is immortal
but we think this is just an example of hyperbola or intentional exaggeration
to make a point. The point is that it is the nightingale's song that echoes
through history and outlives each individual bird.
Ode on a Grecian
urn:-
The poem consists of a person talking to
kind of fancy Greek pot known as an 'Urn' that was made of marble. Keats would
have been able to see many urns from ancient Greece at the British Museum. The
world’s biggest archeological treasuretrove .(The northern Europeans plundered
the Greeks ancient artifacts, and some might joke that now the Greeks are
taking revenge by blowing up the European economy …) Urns are known not only
for their sleek, beautiful shape but also for the quality of the pictures that
were often painted on their sides. Most of the poem center on the story told in
the images carved on the side of one particular Urn. He wrote 'Ode on a Grecian urn' about an
imaginary urn and three images he sees on it. The scenes are about revelry and
sex, a piper and a lover’s pursuit of a fair maid, and a sacrificial ritual.
All the scenes depict some form of human emotion, particularly love and desire.
Keats uses a lot of imagery from
Greek culture to illustrate the
important of beauty. In the first stanza, he speaks of the places in
Greek of the places in Greece known for their beauty and serenity.
Ode to psyche:-
In Greek myth, Psyche was
a princess whom cupid, the son of Venus, fell in love with. Fearing his
mother’s jealousy of her beauty, he visited her only at night, in total
darkness. In one version of the myth she was a snake in any event to discover
who and what he was, she looked at him one night after he had fallen asleep.
When oil drooling from her lamp awoke him, he Fled. Psyche searched for him,
enduring much suffering. As a reward for her devotion and the hardships she had
undergone, she was made immortal and reunited with cupid.
Ode to Autumn:-
Keats wrote the poem 'Ode
to Autumn' late in his poetic career, and it has been referred to as of the most prefect poems in the English
language. The first stanza references the bounty of early Autumn before the
harvest, the second personifies Autumn as a harvest, though one in stasis, and
the third stanza describes the chilly end of the season and the promise of
winter, which is also the promise of winter, which is also the promise of death.
The personification of
Autumn could be considered an allusion to the mythology of ancient Greece. “Ode
to a Grecian Urn'' and “Ode to psyche” this poem does not include as many overt
allusions to ancient Greece. Rather, the poem subtly recalls the myth of
Persephone, Demeter, and Hades. In this myth Demeter, the goddess of the earth.
Casts the land into a permanent winter when her daughter, Persephone, is
eventually able to return from the underworld, but only for half the year.
In celebration, Demeter brings spring and
summer to the land. But when her daughter must return to the world of the dead,
Demeter brings death to the earth in the form of Autumn and Winter.
Keats’s poem offers up an
acceptance of this cycle of life and death. In the final stanza, the speaker
addresses a personified Autumn by saying:
Where are the songs of thou of spring?
Ay, where are they?
Think not of them, thou hast thy music
too.
By nothing this, the
speaker realizes that the approach of death brought by Autumn can be just as beautiful as the promise of life
found in the spring.
Source:
Net and text
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